In-situ 4D-STEM

What are the main challenges in in-situ TEM?

In-situ experiments face constant stability challenges. Focus requires adjustment every 15–20 minutes due to temperature and bias fluctuations. Aberration correction pauses data collection for several minutes, causing potential data loss. Heat, electrical bias, and stage drift complicate precise control. Despite advanced systems, researchers often spend 5-6 hours actively maintaining image focus and stability during a single experiment.

What is coherent diffraction imaging (CDI)?

CDI reconstructs an object’s image from diffraction patterns using phase retrieval algorithms without lenses. The process: obtain coherent beam → measure intensity (|FT|²) → retrieve phases algorithmically → inverse Fourier transform to real space.